![]() The spinous process is more pointed, and the angle is sharply downwards. We have a costal facet for these thoracic vertebrae because it provides an articulation surface for the head of the ribs. The sizes increase as we proceeded down to the spine. We can palpate this spinous process and we refer it as the prominent vertebra. For the C7, the feature is that it possesses a long, non-bifid spine. The dens allow the rotation of the head as we look from side to side. The dens project superiorly from the upper surface of its body and represent the body of the atlas. We call it the dens or the odontoid process. The axis has a unique vertical projection. This joint permits flexion and extension, which is the nodding movement of our head. When the C1 and the skull they articulate together, we call it the atlantooccipital joint. ![]() Atlas has no body and its’ concave facets on the superior surface of each lateral mass are articulated with the skull. ![]() It's a relatively large transverse process with two lateral masses. If we look into some modified cervical vertebrae which are the C1, C2, and C7. The cervical vertebra is a more flexible joint of the region. For the facet joints on the superior articular process, it faces obliquely backward and upwards, which allows rotation and lateral flexion together. For the vertebral bodies, it curves upwards at the lateral edges. The spine has short bifid spines and transverse processes. These vertebrae have some distinctive characteristics. This is just what we see from the front, from the anterior of the body. The one on the right, when we see it from the top, it is the trunk rotation. These are the common movements of the spine. For the lumbar region, the curve is concave posteriorly. For the thoracic region, the curve is concave anteriorly. For each spinal column for the adults, we have two natural curves located in the thoracic region as well as the lumbar region. Its function is shock absorption for the spine. The intervertebral disc is fibrocartilage located between adjacent vertebrae. We also have an intervertebral disc between each vertebra. It is formed between the superior and the inferior articular processes of the adjacent vertebrae. This is how it looks like for the vertebral column. This is where the spinal cord passed through within the vertebral column. We call it the vertebral canal or the spinal canal. You may see there is a hole in the middle. It involved the vertebral body, two pedicles, two laminae on the side, two transverse processes and one single spinous process. These are the general structures of each vertebra. It may vary from three to five depending on the individuals. For the cervical spine, there are seven vertebrae for the thoracic, there are a total of twelve vertebrae for the lumbar, there are a total of five vertebrae for the sacral, there are five vertebrae fused to form the sacrum for the coccygeal, which refers to the tailbone. We can refer to the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal. There are different regions of the spine.
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